Comparative Study of Nutritional Value and Phytochemical Analysis of Ayurvedic Flowers of Musa paradisiaca L., Nymphaea alba L. and Butea monosperma Lam.

Shivani Sharma¹*, Priya Darshani², Harsiha C.R.³,Vd. B. R Patel⁴

¹Ph.D. Scholar Pharmacognosy, Pharmacognosy Department,

Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda Jamnagar (INI) Gujarat, 361008 India.

²Ph.D. Scholar, Pharmacognosy Department,

Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda Jamnagar (INI) Gujarat, 361008 India.

³Head of Lab Pharmacognosy,

Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda Jamnagar (INI) Gujarat, 361008 India.

⁴Professor of Darvyaguna Department, ITRA Jamnagar, Gujarat, 361008, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: shivani52163@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Nutraceutical offer health and medical advantages, such as illness prevention and therapy. Bioactive compounds found in foods, dietary supplements, herbal products, and natural plants such as edible fruits and flowers are the natural source of nutraceuticals. They have therapeutic, disease-preventive and health-promoting qualities. The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical and nutraceutical properties of three ayurvedic flowers Musa paradisiaca L. Nymphaea alba L. and Butea monosperma Lam. Material and Method: These flower samples collected from the natural habitat of Jamnagar, Gujarat in between 2024-2025 year. The nutritional values the quantitative and phytochemical with the extractive method. Result: The presence of coloring matter, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and amino acids was determined by the initial phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts. From the nutraceutical analysis we find in Butea monosperma flower total carbohydrate value are 28.49 % more than Musa paradisiaca and Nymphaea alba where as in Musa paradisiaca flower Vitamin C value are 34.77 mg/100 gm, Calcium value are 10.99% more than Butea monosperma and Nymphaea alba flower, other nutritional values are almost similar. Conclusion: This work offers a set of diagnostic biochemical that presents in flowers Musa paradisiaca, Nymphaea alba and Butea monosperma. In the present study revealed that it has important properties in traditional medicine and phytochemical properties. Nutraceutical study reveals Butea monosperma can serve as an alternate carbohydrate source and Musa paradisiaca flower serve as calcium source where as Nymphaea alba flower serve as protein source and all three flowers used as mineral content. In Butea monosperma flower glycoside and flavonoids present in high quantity due to phenolic compounds are presenct in high amount. This study proves that flowers of Musa paradisiaca, Nymphaea alba and Butea monosperma used as the source of nutrition. In future the flowers of Musa paradsiaca, Nymphaea alba and Butea monosperma used in many Ayurvedic formuations used as nutritional supplements such as vitamins, minerals and multivitamins.

KEYWORDS: Nutraceutical Study, Phytochemical profiling, Comparative Study, Musa paradisiaca, Nymphaea alba, Butea monopserma.

1. INTRODUCTION:

The two main determinants of the nation's human resource development are nutrition and health. With a per capita GNP of US$996-3945, India has been categorized by the World Bank 1 as a lower middle income country¹. Out of 209 countries, it comes in at number 160 in terms of human development. When Hippocrates said, "Let food be your medicine or medicine be your food," he foresaw the relationship between food's specific medicinal advantages and overall health. Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine, emphasizes the role that nutrition plays in both health and sickness health care system. Nutritional supplements are called "foods for special dietary uses" in India. "Foods for special dietary uses" refers to foods that have been particularly prepared or processed to meet unique dietary needs that arise due to a certain physical or physiological state, or specific illnesses and disorders. Nutraceutical, health supplements, or functional foods, according to the Food Safety and Standards Authority (FSSA)². In Medicinal foods other examples include transgenic plants for oral vaccination against infectious illnesses, slowly absorbed carbohydrates for diabetes mellitus, lactoferrin for immune system support and health bars with extra medications.

The phrase lacks a regulatory meaning and is intended to treat or prevent diseases³. Modern healthcare professionals are reintroducing the traditional concept as a "nutraceutical." Accordingly, a "nutraceutical" is any substance that can be classified as a food or a component of a food that offers health or medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of illnesses. The term "functional foods" is also occasionally used to refer to nutraceuticals, but it is unclear how this term differs from medicine. A functional meal is referred to as a "nutraceutical" when it helps prevent and/or treat diseases and disorders other than deficient states like anemia."Determining the quality of food that may be consumed locally or elsewhere is the foundation for measuring nutritional availability⁴. The use of Dietary supplements in general and multivitamins - multiminerals in particular is prevent and growing randomly in Syria and wild in the last few years⁵. The three blossoms of Kumud, Kadali and Palash are the subject of this study. Kumud's botanical name is Nymphaea alba L. is a well-known plant in Indian medicine that has long been used to treat bronchial, genital, and gastrointestinal disorders. It belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. Flavonoids, phenols, and fatty acids are abundant in it. Research indicates that Nymphaea alba L.'s leaves and flowers have a variety of therapeutic uses. It has antioxidant, analgesic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties⁶. It is rich in tannic acid, Gallic acid, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, hydrolyzable tannins. All the parts of the plant have medicinal uses in traditional system of medicine. Botanical name of Kadali is Musa paradisiaca L., and it is a member of the Musaceae family. The root "Kadi Ahvane Rodane cha," which means "inviting" or "secreting water," is whence the term "Kadali" originates. "Dal Visharane," which means that which oozes, is another root. The tropical areas have a large distribution of Musa paradisiaca. It is often referred to as a kela tree or banana tree. It is widespread across India. It is tall herbaceous organism. In their wild form, fruits are observed to be fleshy, oval and 6–8 cm long; in cultivated versions, they are longer. When ripe, cylindric fruits are clusters of berries that are either golden yellow or yellowish green in color. Vegetables are made from its unripe fruits⁷. Musa paradisiaca L. blooms astringent and beneficial for diabetes, ascites, dropsy, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, bronchial asthma, and dysentery⁸. Bananas are one of the most wildly consumed fruit in the world for good reasons. Kadali flower gave us many nutritional values like carbohydrates protein, fibers, potassium etc. One of the most popular fruits in the world, Musa paradisiaca (Banana; family Musaceae), is said to have originated from two wild species, namely M. balbisiana and acuminata. This fruit, particularly the banana, is said to be high in carbohydrates⁹. It is recognized that Musa paradisiaca has medicinal properties. It is used to treat diarrhea¹⁰. Its traditional uses include depressive, antimicrobial, antihypertensive properties¹¹. There are around 50 distinct species of Musa in India, the nation with the greatest variety of flowering plants¹². Butea monsperma Lam., also called Flame of Forest, is a very large deciduous tree that is found throughout India, Burma, Ceylon, the South Asian peninsula. Traditional medicinal plants are expanding quickly and are utilized worldwide in a variety of therapies, such as African traditional medicinal immunity boosters and infectious illness¹³. It is belongs to Fabaceae family. There are 18,000 species spread over the 630 genera that make up the Fabaceae family¹⁴. In India, the plant is referred to as the Palash tree. Butea monosperma is frequently used as a diuretic, astringent, tonic, and aphrodisiac¹⁵. Tannic acid, gallic acid, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, and hydrolyzable tannins are all abundant in it. In traditional medicine, every part of the plant has therapeutic applications¹⁶. Till date there is no any comparative study done on the flowers of M. paradisiaca, N. alba and B. monosperma, So present study fulfill the remain gap of Nutraceutical and phytochemical study.

2. COLLECTION AND AUTHENTIFICATION OF RAW DRUG:

At the beginning of this work raw sample of M. paradisiaca L., B. monosperma Lam., was collected from the natural habitat of Jamnagar Gujarat during month of April 2024-25. Whereas N. alba collected from natural ponds of Jamnagar, Gujarat during month of July 2025. Taxonomical identification was done in pharmacognosy laboratory ITRA, Jamnagar Gujarat. The specimen is kept in Pharmacognosy lab ITRA Jamnagar Gujarat B. monosperma (Specimen no. Ph. M/6711/ 2024-25), M. paradisiaca L. (Specimen no. Ph.M/6712/2024–25), N. alba L. (Specimen no. Ph. M/6388/ 2024-25). Further plant authentication is done in Botanical Survey of India, Jodhpur (BSI) and also Herbarium is deposit in BSI, Jodhpur. The powders of flower were used for Nutritional evaluation by standard and most convenient methods. The Nutraceutical study was performed following the standard procedures at Junagadh Agriculture University, Gujarat, India.

3. PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT:

To get rid of mud and other dust particles, fresh blooms of and M. paradisiaca, N. alba and B. monopserma were cleaned with distilled water. After being cut into extremely tiny bits, the flowers were separated and crushed by a mechanical grinder, dried in the shade, and then sieved through a mesh screen. 100 milliliters of ethanol, ethyl, acetate, hexane, chloroform, acetone and water were used to soak 10gm of crushed plant material. The extracts were then filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 1. Fresh flowers were utilized to determine the identity after the dried solvent extract was stored at 20 for additional examination.

4. NUTRACEUTICAL ANALYSIS:

The nutritional characteristics of medicinal flowers were analyzed by using Phenol sulphuric acid, Titration method, Ninto vando Molyblade method, Flame photometer, Soxhlet apparatus etc.

Carbohydrate - In every human diet, carbohydrates—whether simple or complex—are a significant source of energy. They offer 4 Kcal/g of energy. The complex polysaccharides include the starches in cereals, millets, pulses, and root vegetables, as well as the glycogen in animal products. Fruits, vegetables, honey, sucrose in sugar, and lactose in milk all include the simple carbohydrates glucose and fructose. The cellulose found in whole grains and vegetables, as well as the gums and pectins found in fruits, vegetables and cereals that make up the dietary fiber component, are additional complex carbohydrates that are difficult for the human digestive tract to digest. Carbohydrates found in plant foods like grains, millets and pulses account for 70–80% of total calories consumed in India¹⁷.

Vitamin C - One nutrient that is necessary for strong bones and teeth is vitamin C. Iron absorption is also facilitated by it. Deficiency in vitamin C is characterized by weakening, bleeding gums, and poor bone formation. Citrus fruits, guava, bananas and some vegetables like tomatoes are rich sources of vitamin C. Never the less, it is extremely vulnerable to oxidation in the atmosphere. Hence, when veggies are chopped and exposed to air or get dry and stale, the majority of the vitamin C that was once present is eliminated¹⁸.

Iron - Iron plays a crucial role in the synthesis of hemoglobin, the red pigment present in red blood cells. The function of hemoglobin is essential for supplying oxygen to the tissues. Blood hemoglobin levels drop in anemia, a condition characterized by paleness, easy fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Iron may be obtained from green leafy vegetables. Iron absorption is limited, though. Daily vitamin C-rich meals are necessary to improve iron absorption¹⁹.

Total Carbohydrate:

The phenol-sulfuric acid technique was used to determine the total amount of carbohydrates. Glycosidic connections are hydrolyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, and the resulting neutral sugars undergo partial dehydration when three water molecules are removed resulting in the formation of furfural derivatives. Furfural or furfural derivatives condense with phenol to form colorful molecules, which are detected at 490 nm ²⁰.

· Reagents - 5 percent phenol (w/v), Sulfuric acid concentrate (35.7 N)

Process - After adding 1ml of 5% (w/v) phenol to 1ml of the sample, 5ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. As sulfuric acid was added, the sample tubes were maintained in ice. The absorbance at 490nm was measured after the mixture was incubated for 20minutes at room temperature.

Total Protein Protein determination was performed as per the method described in AOAC²¹.

· Reagents - Potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄), Selenium powder, Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), Concentrated Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

· Procedure - After being dried at 105ºC to a consistent weight, two grams of the material were moved to a digestive tube. For every sample, 7gm of K₂SO₄, 5gm of selenium powder, 12milliliters of H₂SO₄, and 5 milliliters of H₂O₂ were added. It was then cooked at 400ºC for 60minutes. After that, it was chilled to between 50 and 60°C in the digestive tube. The sample was treated with 50cc of NaOH. 0.2 NHCl was then used to titrate the sample. Calculation: Protein percentage is calculated as follows.

Total Phenol estimation- Substances - Ethanol 1.80%, The Folinreagent-Ciocalteau Standard (100ml of water with 100mg of catechol) 3.20% Na₂CO₃. Ten times dilution is required to reach a functioning standard.

· Procedure The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) can be used to estimate total phenols. Using a pestle and mortar, crush 0.5g of the dried flower sample in a 10-time volume of 80% ethanol after precisely weighing it. The homogenate should be centrifuged for 20 minutes at 10,000rpm. Don't discard the supernatant. Re-extract the residue using five times as much 80% ethanol after centrifuging and collecting the supernatants. Evaporate the supernatant to remove any remaining moisture. Dissolve the residue with five milliliters of distilled water. Different aliquots (0.2 to 2ml) have to be pipette into test tubes. Fill each tube with water until the total capacity is three milliliters. Add the 0.5ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. After 3 minutes, fill each tube with two milliliters of a 20% Na₂Co₃ solution. Stir well. Measure the absorbance at 650nm against a reagent blank after the tubes have been in boiling water for precisely one minute and cooled.

Estimation of Calcium:

Calcium estimation was carried out following EDTA method.

· Reagents EDTA Solution, 0.5 N Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 10%, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH₂OH.HCl), Potassium ferrocyanide (K₄Fe(CN)₆), Triethanolamine (TEA) and Calcon indicator.

· Procedure: Put 2 to 4 grams of the material into a 100 ml centrifuge tube or conical flask, then add 30ml of NH₄OAc, shake for five minutes, and then decant. After that, fill each sample with 30 ml of 0.5 NHCl, shake the mixture, and let it upright and loosened for five minutes. Pipette out 5 or 10 milliliters of extract, then add 10 drops of NH₂OH. Add enough 10% NaOH, TEA, K₄Fe (CN)₆, and HCL to raise the pH to 12. In the end, titrate against standard EDTA and add 5 drops of calcon indicator. The transition of color from red to blue is the final result.

Nutraceutical results of Musa paradisiaca, Nymphaea alba and Butea mo nosperma flowers are shown in (Table no.1)

5. PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS²²

Physicochemical characteristics such as extractive values, ash values, and loss on drying were calculated using the usual methods outlined in the API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India).

Physicochemical result of M. paradisiaca, N. alba and B. monosperma are shown in Table no. 2.

5.1 Qualitative Phytochemical Study²³

The principal natural chemical groups, including proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, coumarins and steroids were discovered by phytochemical screening of the extracts using various solvents.

Test for Carbohydrates:

Molisch's test:

After treating the filtrate with two to three drops of 1% alcoholic α-naphthol solution, two milliliters of concentrated H₂SO₄ were applied along the test tube's sides. When two liquids come together, a brown ring appears its means carbohydrates are present.

Test for Protein (Test with a Biuret) - Floral extract, 3 ml. Add 4% NaOH and a few drops of 1% CuSo₄ solution. A violet or pink hue indicates the presence of protein.

Test for Glycosides: Determine the extract's free sugar concentration first. Determine the extract's total sugar content once again after hydrolyzing it with mineral acid. A rise in the extract's free sugar content suggests the existence of glycoside.

Test for Flavnoids (Sulphuric Acid Test) - Flavones and flavanoids dissolve in sulfuric acid when 60% or 80% of it is added, producing a deep yellow solution. Red or red-blue solutions are produced by chalcones and aurones. Flavones are responsible for the orange to red hues.

Test for Tannin and Phenolic Compound - When a few drops of 5% Fecl₃ solution are added to two to three milliliters of aqueous or alcoholic extract, the color turns deep blue to black.

Test for Alkaloid (Dragondroff test) - A few drops of Dragondroff reagents should be added to 2-3 milliliters of filtrate. The resulting ppt. is orange-brown.

Test for Saponin (Foam test) - Give the dry powder or floral extract a good shake with water. Stable, persistent foam was seen.

Test for Steroid (Salkowski reaction) - To 2 milliliters of extract, add 2 milliliters of chloroform and 2 milliliters of pure H₂SO₄. Shake it vigorously. Whereas the chloroform layer looks red, the acid layer fluoresces greenish.

Statistical analysis- The mean values ±standard error of mean (mean± SEM) was used to express the results. The t test and ANOVA were used to determine the significance of the variations between the test and control study means. P values below 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

6. RESULT:

Table 1 Nutritional value of Musa paradisiaca, Nymphaea alba and Butea monosperma flowers

Parameters	Method	*Musa paradisiaca*	*Nymphaea alba*	*Butea monosperma*
Total Carbohydrate	Phenol sulphuric acid	20.30%	5.25%	28.49%
Vitamin C	Titration method	34.77 mg/100gm	7.29%	10.24%
Total Fat	Soxhlet apparatus	5.27%	2.25%	3.67%
Sodium	Flame photometer	2.15%	0.59%	1.13%
Flavonoids	Spectrophotometric method	1.34%	2.34%	7.78%
Phosphorous	Nindo vendo molyblade method	0.77%	1.22%	3.45%
Potassium	Flame photometer	1.27%%	0.56%	2.45%
Calcium	Titration method	10.99%	8.23%	7.23%

Table 2: Physicochemical analysis of the M. paradisiaca, N. alba and B. monosperma flowers

Parameters	Result
Parameters	*Musa paradisiaca*	*Nymphaea alba*	*Butea monosperma*
Foreign matter	Absent	Absent	Absent
Loss on drying (%w/w)	1.21± 0.40	1.20± 0.20	4.24 ±2.40
Total ash value(%w/w)	1.17 ± 0.15	4.17 ± 2.15	5.10±0.15
Acid insoluble ash(%w/w)	1.01 ± 0.02	3.01 ± 1.02	1.02±0.02
Water soluble ash(%w/w)	2.89 ± 0.33	3.89 ± 1.60	0.06±0.04
Water soluble extractive value(%w/w)	0.50 ± 0.06	1.50 ± 0.04	18.23±10.32
Alcohol soluble extractive value(%w/w)	3.25 (±) 1.02	2.25 (±) 1.25	12.25±8.23

Table 3: Qualtitative Phytochemical analysis of the M. paradisiaca, N. alba and B. monosperma flowers

Parameters	Reagent used (test performed)	*Musa paradisiaca* (Fl)		*Nymphaea alba* (Fl)		*Butea monosperma* (Fl)
Parameters	Reagent used (test performed)	Water ext.	Alcohol ext.	Water ext.	Alcohol ext	Water ext.	Alcohal ext.
Carbohydrate	Fehling’s test	-	+	-	+	-	+
Proteins	Biuret test	-	-	-	-	-	-
Steroid	Salkowski reaction	-	+	-	+	-	+
Glycosides	Saponin Cardiac	-	+	-	+	-	+
Flavonoids	Lead acetate sol	+	+	+	+	+	+
Alkaloid	Dragendroff’s test	+	+	+	+	+	+
Tannin	5 % FeCl₃Solution	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phenol	Dilute idodine solution	-	+	-	+	-	+
Saponin	Foam test	+	_	_	_	+	_
Anthraquinone	Borntager’ test	-	₊	-	+	-	+

“+” = Present, “-” = Absent,

7. DISSCUSSION:

Establishing standards for the Comparison, identity, level of purity and quality of all three flowers that are exposed to analysis through physiochemical studies can be helpful and for the nutraceutical study we use various methods for analyzing. Preliminary physicochemical studies showed that absence of foreign matter, low ash value signifies low level of inorganic matter and low percentage of sand and silica content in M. paradisiaca, N. alba and B. monosperma flowers. The Preliminary Phytochmical screening of methanolic extracts revealed the presenence of coluring matter, flavonoids, saponin, tannin, amino acids, alkaloids and glycoside etc. Nutraceutical analysis reveals much necessary nutrition is present in all the flowers since many years various types of edible fruits used for nutrition. Here we studied about three medicinal flowers used as nutritional purpose. In B. monosperma flower total carbohydrate value are 28.49% more than M. paradisiaca and N. alba where as in M. paradisiaca flower Vitamin C value are 34.77mg/100 gm, Calcium value are 10.99% more than B. monosperma and N. alba flower other nutritional values are almost similar.

8. CONCLUSION:

The current investigation's phytochemical and nutritional analysis on Musa paradisiaca, Nymphaea alba and Butea monopserma flowers revealed that it has important properties in traditional medicine and phytochemical properties.

The different solvents used for the extraction i.e. alcohol water-based to screen for phytochemicals. The presence of protein, phenol, carbohydrate, glycoside, tannin, alkaloid, sterols and cardiac glycoside are demonstrated via flower extract. In the presence of various bioactive constituents in all three flower samples they generally play vital role in prevent various diseases. In our daily life we need nutrition like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, calcium, flavoinds and various minerals. Nutraceutical study indicates the B. monosperma can serve as an alternate carbohydrate source and M. paradisiaca flower serve as calcium source where as N. alba flower protein source and all three flower sample used as mineral content. In Butea monosperma flower glycoside and flavonoids present in high quantity. This study proves that flowers of M. paradisica, N. alba and B. monosperma used as nutraceutical source. Fruits gave us many nutritional values but lack of availability and also available in particular season flowers lose their values, but this proves that flowers gave us much nutrition. In future the flowers of M. paradsiaca, N. alba and B. monosperma used in many Ayurvedic formuations.

Plate 1 Collection, Authentication and preservation of flowers samples of M. paradisiaca, B.monosperma and N. alba

Fig. 1 Natural Plant habitat Fig.2 Dry preservation

Fig. 3 Certificate of Authentication Fig. 4 Natural Plant habitat

Fig.5 Dry preservation Fig. 6 Certificate of Authentication

Fig. 7 Natural Plant habitat Fig. 8 Dry preservation

Fig. 9 Certificate of Authentication

9. DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST:

There are no conflicts of interest.

10. AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT:

Shivani Sharma:

Writing original draft, performed experimental part of both Nutraceutical and analysis, Experimental designing and statistical, Priya Darshani: Analysis part, Dr. Harisha C.R.: Supervision and review, Vd. B.R. Patel: Supervision and review.

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Received on 04.11.2025 Revised on 12.03.2026

Accepted on 16.05.2026 Published on 05.06.2026

Available online from June 06, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(6):2476-2482.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00354

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